The school of the guides, for the use of the army of the Confederate States, with questions. Twenty-eight illustrations

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George Washington Flowers
Memorial Collection

DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

ESTABLISHED BY THE

FAMILY OF

COLONEL FLOWERS

THE

Jcli00l 0f tfe §mk%:

FOR THE USE OF

» THE ARMY OF THE COMEOEII ATE STATES,

WITH QUESTIONS.

Twentp'-Eight Ilhiatrationa,

RICHMOND, VA.:
WEST & JOHNSTON.

18G2.

Questions entered according to Act of Congress, by

BRAWNER & PUTNAM,

In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Northern

District of the State of Georgia.

Engraving and Printing by

H. P. HILL & CO.,

Griffin, Ga.

PUBLISHERS' NOTE.

This compilation is reprinted with the hope that it may
be serriceable to such ot onr citizen soldiers as are novices
in militaiy science. It will greatly facilitate sergeants iu
acquainting themselves with their duties as guides iu bat-
talion movements ; saving not only the labor of searching
through, but the expense of buying many "voluminous
works wherein the details arc combined with the other parts
of military tactics."

The usefulness of the work is greatly enhanced by a series
of questions, prepared by a gentleman of high militar}' at-
tainments. This we claim to be a great addition to the val-
ue of the book. It is to be found in no other edition.

Should it be the means of lessening the labors o( our
brave volunteers, in the glorious work of achieving our na-
tional independence, the publishers will bo abundantly re-
paid for their risk and trouble.

^ / ^ d 9 il

s I a N s.

LIEUTENANT COLONEL, X

MAJOR, j^

GENERAL GUIDE, P

GUIDE, ^

POINTS ON THE GROUND, q

MARKERS, ^

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION.

GENERAL RULES.

There will l)e in each battalion one color ser-
geant and two general giiitles, (right general guide
and left general guide;) there will also be one
closing sergeant (left guide of the left company,)
and one covering corporal.

The color sergeant will be in the centre of the
battalion.

The right general guide will take post behind
the right of the first or right company and on the
alignment of file closers, and the left one in the
same manner on the left of the eighth or left com-
pany.

The closing sergeant will be in the front rank,
on the left of the last company, and the covering
corporal behind him, in the rear rank.

The color and general guides serve for the march
of the battalion and to take general alignments

6 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

TO OPEN AND CLOSE RANKS.

1. — Prejmre to open ranks.
2. — To the rear open order,
3. — Makch.
4. — Front.

At the second command, the covering sergeants
and covering corporal step to the rear, taking the
distance of four paces opposite to their intervals,
in order to mark the alignment of the rear rank.
The covering corporal will be careful to invert his
piece and elevate it perpendicularly before him,
to indicate to the major the direction which he
has to give to the covering sergeants. At the
third command, the rear rank of the battalion will
•step to the rear and will be aligned by the cover-
ing sergeants ; the file closers two paces to the rear
of the rear rank. The last file closer who is on
the left of the, battalion, will invert his piece in
the same manner as the covering corporal, to in-
dicate to the lieutenant colonel the direction he
will have to give to the file closers. At the fourth
command, the covering sergeants will take their

place in the front rank.
The closing of ranks
paragraph No. 476 of Scott's Tactics.

The closing of ranks will be in accordance with

LOADINGS AND FIRINGS.

In all firings the covering sergeants will place
themselves upon the alignment of file closers, op-
posite to their intervals, and will re-take their posts
at the tap of the drum.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 7

The file closers, during the loadings and firings,
will remain at shoulder or support arm:^, as the
order may be given to them.

In all the firings, the color and its guard fall
back, so that the front rank shall be on a line with
the rear rank of the battalion. The guard will
always carry the musket with bayonet fixed and
in the right arm, and will reserve its fire for the
defense of the color. At the tap of the drum,
they will retake their place in line of battle.

To execute the fire by the rear rank, the cov-
ering sergeants and file closers will conform to
what has been prescribed for them in paragraphs
No. 512 and 513 of Scott's Tactics. The color
sergeant will pass into the rear rank, and the
closing sergeant and covering corporal will change
places.

In squares, the color sergeant alo7>c retires upon
the line of file closers. The color guard will fire
the same as the company of which it forms a part.

TO BREAK TO THE FRONT TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT
INTO COLUMN.

Figure No. 1.

/i/V'i/-ri>-i/kf'

1. — By company right ivheel.
2. — Quick — March.

At the first command, the covering sergeants
replace their captains in the front rank.

8 SCHOOL OF thb: guides.

At the command march, the covering sergeants
do not move ; the left guides as soon as they can
pass, will place themselves on the left of the front
rank, to conduct the marching Hank.

Eacli captain of company having given the com-
mand halt^ the covering sergeant will place him-
self on the right of the first man, the left guide,
at the same time, will place himself opposite his
captain, and will observe to leave space enough
between himself and the man on the right to con-
tain the front of the company, without occupying
himself with the direction, which will only be
taken when the column is put in march.

When the battalion breaks to the left, the cov-
ering sergeant will conduct the marching flank,
and the left guide will place himself on the left
of the company the moment it halts.

Same principles to break by division.

TO BREAK TO THE REAR BY THE RIGHT OR LEFT
INTO COLUMN.

Figure No. 2.

rrrrrrri

1. — By the right of comimnies to the rear into
column.

2. — Batta lion — Eight Face.
3 — Quick — March.

At the first command the covering sergeant
will replace the captain in the front rank.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 9

At the second command, the covering sergeant
will break to the rear at the same time with the
riglit files, and will place himself before the front
rank man of the lirst file, in order to conduct it.

At the command /?mrc/i, each covering sergeant
will conduct his company correctly perpendicular-
ly to the rear, and when each captain will have
commanded halt — -front, the left guide will go and
place the left elbow lightly against his breast.

When the liattalion breaks by the left of com-
panies to the rear into column, the covering ser-
geants will conform to what has been prescribed
for the left guides, and the left guides to what has
been said for the covering sergeants.

TO PLOY THE BATTALION INTO CLOSE COLUMN
OR MASS.

Fijrure No. 3.

1. — Close column hy company.
2. — On first company right in front.
3. — Battalion — Right Face.
4. — Qidck — March.

"Whenever a column shall be formed at half dis-
tance or closed in mass, the file closers shall be at
the distance of one pace from the rear rank.

10 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

At the second command, the covering sergeants
will replace their captains in the front rank.

At the third command, the right files of each
company and the covering sergeant will break to
the rear, as has been before stated.

At the command, march, the file closers will
incline towards the rear rank, so as to close to the
distance of one pace from this rank. The left
guide of the first company will place himself upon
its left as soon as the movement of the second will
permit him. As each company will have entered
the column, and its captain will have halted it,
the left guide will place himself promptly on the
direction, at five paces from the guide who pre-
cedes him.

AVhen the battalion is ployed in front of the
first company, the movement will be executed by
the same principles ; each captain having halted
his company in the column, the right guide will
face to the rear, place himselt at five paces from
the guide who precedes him, and will only face
about, at the command of the chief of battalion.

If the battalion be ployed in front or in rear of
the eighth company, the movement will be exe-
cuted after the same principles, but by inverse
means.

If the movement be made on an interior com-
pany, the guides of the subordinate com])anies
will face to the side of the direction and will only
face about at the command of the chief of bat-
tahon.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 11

MARCH IN COLUMN AT FULL DISTANCE.

In the march in cohimn, there are three ways
of giving the direction to the leading guide.

1, — There will be pointed out to him, two dis-
tinct and prominent objects in front of him, on
the line which he is to follow. This guide will
immediately face to it and take for point of di-
rection, the object most distant, and for interme-
diate one, the nearest to liim.

2. — If the locality should offer but one distinct
or prominent object on the direction which the
first guide is to follow, this guide Avill face to it as
soon as it shall have been pointed out to him, and
will immediately select on the ground an interme-
diate point.

3. — When no prominent or distinct object pre-
sents itself, the lieutenant colonel, or adjutant,
will throw himself forty paces in front and face to
the column. The chief of battalion will, by a sign
with his sword, place him on the direction which
the first guide will have to follow. The lieuten-
ant colonel being thus placed, the guide will im-
mediately face to him, take two points on the
ground, conforming himself to what is prescribed
in paragraph No. 520, School of the Company.

Pending the march, the first guide can always
assure himself that he is in the right direction,
when tlic point nearest to lum masks the most dis-
tant.

In wheeling on the march, the guide who is on
the pivot flank will take the step of nine inches,
being careful to describe a small circle so as to
clear the wheeling point. He will lengthen or

12 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

shorten the step, only upon command of the cap-
tain.

When a column is formed at half distance or
in mass, or marching in route step, the guide who
is on the pivot flank will take the step of fourteen
inches, instead of tlie one of nine inches ; he will
lengthen or shorted the step, only upon command
of the captain.

In a column by platoon, there will he hut one
guide on the flank of each. He will be on the
left flank, if the right be in front, and on the right,
if the left be in front.

In a column by company, or by division, there
will always be a guide on each flank of the col-
umn; they will be denominated right and lefl
guides, and one of them will always be entrusted
w^ith the direction.

The first duty of a guide is, to well fix in his
mind the extent of the front of the sub-division
which he is to conduct so as to correctly keep the
distance of platoon, company, or division, accord-
ing to the formations wliicli may take place dur-
ing the movements.

He must also well understand, that he is charged
with conducting his company, and not let him-
self be conducted by it, as frequently' happens
with inexperienced guides. It cannot be too
strongly impressed upon them, not to interfere
with their companies, but to strictly conform
themselves to the movements of the preceding
guide ; to follow in his traces ; take his step ;
maintain the distance of company between him-
self and this guide ; pass through all the points
through which he will pass, without occupying

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 13

liimself with the general dh-ection, -which only
concerns the leading guide.

A guide should never alter the length or ca-
dence of his step. According to this principle,
when, for example, a company which should have
halted at three paces behind the line of battle has
passed that hne, if the guide has correctly march-
ed, the fault lies with tlic captain, who will not
have given his commands of caution or execution
in time.

A guide is responsible for the distance, the
direction and the step.

When a guide loses his distance, he must re-
gain it gradually, either by lengtheniilg or short-
ening the step by one or two inches, so that there
may be no stop or wavering on tlic march.

If a guide has neglected to march in the traces
of the one who precedes him, has sensibly thrown
himself inside or outside of the direction, he will
remedy this fault by advancing more or less the
right or left shoulder, so as gradually to regain
the direction, thereby avoiding the inconvenience
of the oblique step, which occasions loss of dis-
tance.

When a column is halted, the guides must not
move, even if .they should not have their dis-
tances, and should not be on the direction.

If, when in column of several companies, they
are to break successively into platoons, it is of
the utmost importance that each guide should
continue to march the same step, neither making
it shorter nor slower, whilst the company which
precedes him breaks, even if he be compelled to
close entirely upon the latter. This attention is

14

SCHOOL OF THE OUIDES.

indispensable, in order to prevent tlie prolonga-
tion of the column.

THE COLUMN ARRIVING BEFORE OR BEHIND THE
LINE OF BATTLE, OR BY ONE OF ITS EXTREMI-
TIES, TO PROLONG IT ON THAT LINE.

BEFORE.

Figure No. 4

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BEHIND.
Figure No. 5.

9

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The general guide, at the head of the column,
will airect himself on the two points which will

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. ]5

be indicated to liiiu on the line of battle, without
regulating himself upon the march of the column.

The color and the general guide who follow,
will march abreast with their respective compa-
nies, a.nd will maintain themselves on the line bv
directing theniselves ; the first, on the general
guide at the head of the column, and the latter,
on the color and the general guide at the head of
the column.

The guides of companies alwaj^s march at four
])accs from the general guides who are on the
line of battle. The first guide will march abreast
Avith the right general guide ; the following guides
will march in the traces of the guide Avho pre-
cedes, and will be careful to preserve the step
and cadence without occupying themselves vrith
the general direction.

THE COLUMN BEING HALTED, TO MARCH IT A
SHORT DISTANCE TO THE REAR.

The chief of battalion causes it to face about ;
the file closers remain in the front of the rear
rank, and the guides will place themselves on the
line of the rear rank.

In a column by division, the covering sergeant
in the centre of the division will step into the line
of file closers.

16 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

CHANGES OF DIRECTION.

Figure No. 6.

i ^

B

I \ 1 1

<r

Head of column to the left {or to the right.)

The guide of eacli company will direct himself
so as to graze the breast of the marker ; as soon
as the first guide will have turned or wheeled, he
will be careful to direct himself immediately on
the two points which will be indicated to him.

In the wheelings, the guide of each company
will be careful not to throw himself inside or out-
side of the arc of the circle which he is to de-
scribe, but to pass through all its points.

When a company, marching at the quick step,
has to turn or to form itself into line, the soldiers
will accelerate the pace to 130 steps to the min-
ute.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 17

TO RECTIFY THE DIRECTION OF THE GUIDES OF
A COLUMN, BEFORE FORMING IT INTO LINE OF
BATTLE.

THREE EXAMPLES:

1. — If the cliicf of battalion wishes to give a
general direction, he will place the iirst two guides
on the direction which he may wish to give to
the line of battle, and will command,

Guides cover in file.

At this command, the following guides will
place themselves lightly on the direction of the
two first, leaving, exactly, a distance of sub-divis-
ion from one to the other.

2. — If the chief of battalion does not judge it
necessary to give a general direction to the guides
of the column, he will merely rectify the position
of those who may be too much in or out of the
direction, by the command, guide of such a compa-
ny^ to the right, or to the left. At this command,
the designated guides will place themselves on
the direction ; the others will stand fast.

3. — Finally, if the general guides march on
the flank of the column, the chief of battahon
having assured them on the direction, if they be
not already there, he will command,

Gruides on the line.

At this command, the guide placed on the
directing flank of each company will promptly

18 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

place himself on the direction of tlie general
guides, facing towards the head of the column.
Tlie lieutenant colonel and major will rapidly
align them.

TO CLOSE THE COLUMN IN MASS ON THE HEAD*
OF THE COLUMN.

Figure No. 7.

1. — Column close in mass.
2. — Quick — March.

Each guide will march in the traces of the one
Avho precedes him, and afterwards place himself
lightly at the distance of five paces from this
guide, being careful to fix his eyes on the lieu-
tenant colonel, Avho will be at the head of the
column, so as to incline either to the right or to
the left, on a signal from that officer, if it be
necessary.

A guide wall always be certain that he is on
the direction, if the guide who is before him
masks the preceding one ; he Avill be careful to
keep his head direct to the front to place himself
on the direction.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 19

TO CLOSE THE COLUMN IN MASS ON THE RExVR
OF THE COLUMN.

Figure No. 8.

I I I

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m^f) >-

1. — On cf'f/hih company close i'n mass.
2. — Battalion — About Facp:.
3 — Column forward.
A. — Guide rigid.
5. — Quiclc — March.

Snmc observations as for the preceding move-
ment.

The battahon liaving faced about, the guides
will remain in the front rank, now become the
rear.

The guides will onlv face about at the com-
mand of the chief of battalion.

GENERAL RULES.

The guides must well impress themselves with
the rule, that in all movements, whether in col-
umn or in line of battle, they must always face
to the side of the direction to align themselves,
and not turn their backs to the point on which
they are to align, as is often done by guides who
are not acquainted with their duty.

20 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

TO TAKE DISTANCE ON THE HEAD OF THE COL-
UMN.

Figure No. 9.

lit

X * ♦ » • ••

1. — On first company take wheeling distance.

2. — Battalion — About Face.

3. — Column forward.

4. — Guide riffiit.

5. — QicicJc — March.

Before the commencement of the movement,
the left general guide will throw himself promptly
to the rear, a little behind the point at which the
rear of the column will arrive, and will place
himself correctly on the prolongation of the two
markers placed, one opposite the first company,
and the other at wheeling distance behind the
first.

The battalion having faced about, the guides
wnll remain in the front rank now become the
rear.

The captain of the first company having aligned
his company and commanded front, the marker
will retire, and will be replaced by the left guide.

The same directions will apply to the second
company.

The guide of the last company will direct him-
self a little inside of the left general guide.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

21

As each company halts, the guide will face to
the front, and will place liimself promptly at the
distance and on tlie direction.

TO TAKE DISTANCE OX THE REAR OF THE COL-
UMN.

Figure No. 10.

Ov.

Ill i <l <8

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A

1. — Oil eighth company take wheeling distance.

2. — Column forward.

^.— Guide left.

4. — Quick — March.

Before the movement commence?, two markers
will be placed on the left after the same princi-
ples as to take distance on the head of the col-
umn, and the right general guide will place him-
self beyond the point at which the head of the col-
umn will arrive, as has been before said for the
left general guide.

The g\iides will follow the principles previously
prescribed, and as each company halts, they will
face to the rear, take their distance, place them-
selves on the direction, and will face about only
at the command of the chief of battalion.

22 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

CHANGE OF DIRECTION OF COLUMN CLOSED IN
MASS—FROM A HALT.

Figure No. 11.

1. — Change direction hy the right flank.
2. — Battalion rigid face.
3. — Quick — March.

At the command — march, the right guide of
the first company will direct himself from the
first step on a parallel line with the two markers
placed beforehand on the new direction.

The right guide of each of the following com-
panies will conform himself to the direction of
the right guide of the company- which precedes
him in the column^ so as to enter on the new
direction parallel with this company^ and at three
paces, or about that distance from its rear rank.

The left guides, as the companies are halted,
will place themselves on the direction and at the
distance of five paces from the preceding guides.

Same principles for a change of direction by
the left flank.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.
ON THE MARCH.

23

This movcriient is always executed on tlic prin-
ciples of a wheel.

Figure No. 12.

1. — Battalion right wheel.
2. — Marcti.
3. — Forward.
4. — March.

At the second command, the movement com-
mences ; the first division will wheel, as if it
were part of the column, at half distance ; the
guide wdio conducts the marching flank will be
careful not to throw himself inside of the arc of
the circle which he is to describe. As soon as
this division commences to wheel, the others will

24 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

conform themselves to the movements. For this
purpose, the left guide of each, throwing forward
a little the left shoulder, and lengthening a little
the step, will incline to the left by obliquing, and
will observe to gain, at the same time, ground
enough forward, so that there will be constantly
between his division and the one which precedes
it, the distance of three paces ; and as soon as he
covers the guide of that division, he will cease
obliquing, and will march exactly in his traces.

Each right guide will maintain, between his
division and the one which precedes it, the same
distance as the wheeling flank.

At the fourth command, the divisions having
to' take the direct march, if a guide should not
cover exactly the one who precedes liim, he will
do so, little by little, by throwing forward the
left shoulder.

Same principles for chana;ing direction to the
left.

THE COUNTER-MARCH.

Whether the right or left be in front, and
either at full or half distance, or in mass, the tw^o
guides will face about when ther companies face
to the right or to the left, and will re4ake their
places as soon as each, chief of company, after
having conducted and ahgned it, will have com-
manded front.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 25

IN COLUxMN BY SUB-DIVISION CLOSED IN MASS
AT A HALT, TO FORM DIVISIONS.

Figure No. 13.

1l

1. — Form divisions,

2. — Left companies left face.

3. — Quick — March.

4. — Guides — Posts.

At the second command, tlic right and left
guides of the riglit, (or odd numbered companies,)'
will place themselves before the iile which is
next to them, facing to tlie right, and will touch
liglitly with the right arm, the breast of the first
rank man of that file, in order to mark the direc-
tion.

At the command — march, the even numbered
companies will be conducted by their left guides.

Tlie chiefs of even numbered companies hav-
ing halted their companies and faced them to the
front, each left guide will throw himself promptly
forward, face to the right, and place himself cor-
rectly upon the direction of the guides of the odd
numbered companies, and so as to be opposite to
one of the last three files of his company.

At the fourth command, the guides who have
marked the front of divisions, re-take smartly.

26 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

tlieir place in column, the left guide of the odd
numbered company passing through the interval
which separates the two companies.

BEING AT FULL OR AT HALF DISTANCE.

The divisions will be formed in the same man-
ner, but the chiefs of the even numbered com-
panies having halted them and commanded /?-o«^,
march them forward to align them on the odd
numbered companies, halt them anew, slightly in
rear of the rear rank of the odd numbered com-
panies, and it is then, that the left guides place
themselves on the line in order to mark.

"Witli the left in front, the divisions will be
formed on the same principles, applying to the
even numbered companies what has been pre-
scribed for the odd, but the guides will face to
the left.

LEFT INTO LINE WHEEL.

1. — Left into line ivheel.
2. — Quick — March.
3. — Guides — Posts.

At the first command, the right guide of the
first company will place himself promptly on the
direction of the left guides of the column, face
to them, and so as to be opposite to one of the
three right files of his company in line of battle.

At the^ second command, the left guides will
not stir.

At the third command, the guides re-take their
places in the hne of battle, passing through the in-

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 27

terval of the chief of company nearest them, and
in order to allow them to pass, each chief of com-
pany will place himself before the first file of his
company, and the covering sergeant behind that
same file. This rule is general for all formations
in line of battle.

In all formations in line of battle, the file clo-
sers will place themselves exactly at two paces
in rear of the rear rank.

With the column left in front, the left guide
of the eighth company will place himself at the
first command, on the direction of the right
guides, and the right guides will folloAv what has
been prescribed for the left guides.

If the column be formed by divisions, the same
means will be employed, but observnig what fol-
lows : If the right be in front, at the command
hrdt^ given by each chief of division, the left
guide of each odd company will place himself on
the fine opposite to one of the three left files of
his company, and will align himself correctly on
division guides, who, for this purpose, will invert
their pieces and hold them perpendicularly in
front of their bodies at the command left into
line wheel.

If the column be left in front, the right guides
of the even numbered companies will ca^form
themselves to what has been prescribed for the left
guides of the odd numbered companies, and will
place themselves ojjposite to one of the three
right files of their compan}^

28 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

SUCCESSIVE FORMATIONS.

COLUMN AT FULL DISTANCE ON THE RIGHT INTO
LINE.

Figure No. 14.

_ -I

I

1. — On the rigid into line.
2. — Guide right.
3, — Guides— VoQTQ.

The right guide of the first company will
march straight before him to the point at which
his company Avill turn to the right, and each
guide will march in the traces of the one who
precedes him.

The first company having turned to the right,
the right guide' will direct himself so that the
man who is next to him will arrive opposite to
the marker, who is on the right ; the company
having been halted, the left guide will retire on
the line of file closers. Each right guide of the

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 29

following companies after having turned to march
on the line of battle, Avill direct himself so as to
arrive next to the man on the left of the company
wliich precedes him, and as each will be success-
ively halted, each left guide will place himself
before one of the three left files of liis company,
facing to the right, and aligning himself correctly
on the direction.

Same principles for forming on the left into
line.

AVhen, to execute the above formations, the
battalion, instead of being at full distance or at
half distance, will be closed in mass, the guides
will take th^ greatest care not to shorten the step
in turning, in order to avoid arresting the march
of the column.

When, in executing successive formations, the
chief of battalion A\4shes to commence firing,
(the firings are always by file), the duty of the
guides is as follows :

I suppose the execution of the above move-
ment.

At the command, fire hy file, of the chief the
first company, the marker, placed before the
riglit of the first company will retire, and the
other will fall back opposite to the right man of
the second company ; the chief of the second
will, in his turn, commence firing. When the
chief of the third will have commanded front^
the marker, placed before the right file of the
second company will retire at the command,
front, and the left guide will fall back opposite
to the right man of the third company, and so
on, for the following :

30 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

COLUMN AT FULL DISTANCE, FORWARD INTO
LINE.

Figuro No. 15.

^ \. \ -v \^T

^

1.-

—Forivard into line.

2.-
3.-
4.-

— By Compani/^ left-half vjheel.
— Quick — March.
—JF'orivard.

5.-

—March.

6.-

7.-

— Guide right.

— Gindes — Posts.

At the sixth commancl, the right guide of tlie
second companj^, wlio is nearest the hne of battle,

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 31

Avill direct himself straight forward ; the one of
each of the other companies will follow the file
which will find itself before him, when the com-
pany which precedes his has ceased to wheel.

Tlie s«cond company having been halted at the
distance of three paces from tiie line of battle,
tlie left guide will place himself on the line, so
as to be opposite to one of the three left files of
his company.

At the moment the guide of the second com-
pany turns to the right, the guide of the third,
ceasing to follow the file which is before him,
will march straight forward till the chief of his
company turns it to the right ; the left guide will
execute what has been said for the one of tlie
second.

The guides of each of the other companies
will execute what has been prescribed for those
of the third.

The guide of each company must be careful to
turn, so as to arrive squarely upon the line of
bnttle.

If, during the execution of the movement, a
company should meet an obstacle, its chief will
cause it to march by the flank, and the guide wilt
continue to follow tlie file behind which he finds
himself, maintaining himself exactly at the same
distance from the company which precedes his.

Same principles for left in front.

32 SCHOOL OF the guides.

COLUMN AT PULL DLSTANCE INTO LINE FACED
TO THE REAR.

Figure No. IG.

y <

./.

/,.-

/ .--r-

/

/

'^ /

/ / / 't 1
/ ^ ^ ,

<

> / / / /
/ u / / /

1 . — Into line faced to the rear.
2. — Battalion, right face.
3. — Quick — Maech.
4. — Guides — Posts.

At the command march, the companies will
put themselves in march ; the left guide of the
second company will promptly detach himself to
mark the line of battle ; he will place himself as
has been prescribed for successive formations,

SCHOOL OF tup: guides. 33

and tlius indicates to his chief of company the
point at which he is to cross the line of battle.

The left guides of the followinLc, companies will
detach tliemselves in time to precede their com-
panies by twelve or fifteen paces on the line ;
(Jiey will place tliemselves so, as to be opposite to
one of the three left files of their company, in
line of battle.

DEl'LOYMENT OF COLUMX CLOSED IX MASS.

livery time that a company has to form itself
on the line of battle, the guide who lias to mai4e,
is always the one wdio is the farthest from the
]>oiiit of direction ; that is to say, the one who
will find himself on the opposite side from the
one on which the chief of the company places
himself to align it. If the guides understand
this principle well, they will never -be embar-
rassed, whether the battalion manoeuvres in direct
order, by inverse, or by the rear rank ; Avhile
often, for example, the right guides come out on
the line when it should be the one of the left,
and it sometimes happens that from the uncer-
tainty they feel themselves in, neither comes out
to mark^ and that the lieutenant colonel or major
is obliged to call them out. . AVhen a guide has
to place himself before his company to mark the
direction^ he will take the greatest care to place
himself, so as to be opposite to one of its three
exterior files.

34 SCHOOI. OF THE GUIDES.
Figure No. 17.
,V K^

nvisif-aisscs ■rtr.tii

1. — 0)1 first (h' vision ih'pJotj coliniDi.
2 .-rBaita lion left facc^
3. — Quick — Maiicit.
4. — Guides — Posts.

The two markers being placed before tlic first
division, the left general gnide Vv^ill throw liimself
on the line of battle a little beyond the point at
which the left of the battalion will rest when
deployed, and will place himself correctly on the
prolongation of the markers established before
the first division.

At the third command, ^}\q left guide of the
second division will direct himself on a parallel
line with the line of battle ; those of the third
and fourth divisions will march on a line with
him; each will preserve the distance of five paces
between himself and the guide of the division
which precedes his in column.

The second division having been halted, the
two left guides of the companies forming the
division, will place themselves on the line and on
the direction of the markers. The right guides
of the third and fourth divisions, in conducting
their divisions on the line, will be careful to direct
them so as to arrive next to the man on the left
of the division which precedes them. The two
left guides of companies of each division, -will
pjace themselves on the line at the moment each

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 35

division will have been hailed anew, at three
paces from the line of battle.

Same principles for deployment on the fourth
division. In this case, it is the right general
guide who dctaclies himself to mark the line of
battle, and the guide of the lirst division will
direct himself three paces inside of 'this -general
guide. If the movement takes place on an inte-
rior division, both general guides will detach
themselves.

ADVANCE IN LINE OF BATTLE.
Fic;nrc No. IS.

1. — BatlaUoii foncanJ .
2.— 31A110II.

At the first command, the front rank of the
color will step forward six paces, and be re-placed
by the second rank. The color sergeant will take
two points on the ground on a line between him-
self and the lieutcn.int colonel, in advance.

The two general guides will place themselves
on a line with the color ; the right one in front of
the chief of the first company, the left one in
front of the closing sergeant.

The covering sergeant of the fifth company

36 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

will step into the front rank in tlie place of his
chief of company, and the closing sergeant will
step into the rear rank; the covering corporal on
the line of file closers.

At tlie second command, the battalion will put
itself in march.

The color sergeant entrusted Avith the step and
the direction, Avill scrupulously observe the length
and cadence of the step, will march on the pro-
longation of the two points which he will have
taken on the ground between himself and the
lieutenant colonel, and will successively take
others, as has been prescribed in the school of
the Company, No. 5ol. The corporal on his
right and left will march in the same step, keep-
ing the head and shoulders square to the front.

The two general guides will march in the same
step with tlie color sergeant, and will keep them-
selves, as nearly as possible, on a line with him,
paying no attention to one another. Their object
is, to indicate to the wings the step of the centre
of the battalion, and to facilitate the establish-
ment of the wings on the direction of the centre,
should they be too far in the rear.

Tiie three corporals of the second rank of the
color guard, placed in the centre of the battalion,
will march, well aligned, elbow to elbow, the
head to the front, and without deranging the line
of their shoulders. The one who is in the centre
will march exactly in the traces of the color ser-
geant, and will maintain the same step, without
either lengthening or shortening it, except upon
the notice of the chief of the battalion or of the
lieutenant colonel, even if he should find hijuself

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 37

at more or less than six paces from tlic color rank.

These three corporals with the chiefs of the
fourth and fifth companies, will form the basis of
alignment of the battalion.

The covering sergeant of the fifth company
will march, elbow to elbow, and on the same line
with the three corporals of the centre ; he will
keep his head direct to the front.

Point of direction to the riylit (or to the lejt.'y

At this command, the major will throw himself
thirty or forty paces in advance, and will place
Jiimself on the direction indicated by the chief
of the battalion ; the corporal in the centre of the
battalion, will direct himself upon the major,
upon notice from the chief of the battalion, by
throwing forward the opposite shoulder ; the cor-
porals on his right and on his left will conform
themselves to his direction.

The color sergeant will also direct himself
towards the major, by throv.'ing forward the oppo-
site shoulder ; the major will cause him to incline
to the right or to the left, until lie covers the
corporal of his file; the color sergeant will then
take two points upon the ground in the new direc-
tion.

The two general guides willconfortn themselves
to the new direction of the color sergeant.

1. — Hi i flit (or Icjt) ohli(j[ue.
2.— March.

The color sergeant and the corporal in the cen-
tre, must oblique by an equal movement, and

38 SCHOOL OF THE GUTI)P:S.

inaintain their s^liouklcrs square to tlic front ; the
color sergeant will obli(]uc neither more nor less
than the corporal; the major v/ill attend to this.
When the direct march is re-taken, tlie color
sergeant will imm'j<liately take two points on the
ground between him and the major,- who will
have thrown himself thirty paces in advance.

HALTING THE 15ATTALI0N, MAKCIIING IN LINE
Oi^' BATTLE, AND ALIGNING IT.

Fia;uro No. 19.

^...•cr»f*

A.«--A A A— .«A«-«^^ -A

1. — Battalion.
2.— Halt.

The battalion being lialted^ if tine chief of
battalion wishes to give it a general alignment,
he will place himself a few paces outside of the
general guide of either wing, (the right is sup-
posed,) the right general guide and the color v»'jll
face to him, and he will promptly establish them
on the direction which he may wish to give to the
battalion ; this done, the left general guide will
place himself on the direction, and the major will
assure him in his position.

The two corporals of the color guard will return
to their places in the line of battle.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 39

Tliese dispositions beinj;- made, the cliief of
battalion will coinniand —

1. — Gu'ules on the line.
-5. — On the centre drc>^fi.
o. — Qflor and Onidrs — Posts.

At the first command, the rit;ht auide of each
of the com})aiiies of the riuht win^-, and the left
j^nide of each of the companies of the left wing,
^^y Tilace themselves on the direction of the
CO or, arir. ,1 ^^^^ oeneral o-uides • i'ace to tlie
color, and cacTi p .^'.,^^,^^^1^ j,^ rca/of the -uide
wlio IS immediately Doiv... ],i„ ^^ ^ distance
equal to the iront of his coi.-Y.ny: they will
align themselves on tlie color, and i\^o oeneral
guide in front of them.

The battalion being aligned, ^he color and
guides will re-take their places in line of battle.

The general guides in placing themselves upon
the line, will be careful to go a liu.le outside of
the wings of the battalion.

40 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

CHANGE OP DIRECTIOX IN MARCHING IN LINE
OF BATTLE.

Figure No. 20.

^^

J. — CJian^<i direction to the riyJit.

2.— r^xlRCH.

The color rank will take the step of fourteen
inches, and will direct itself circularly to the
right, observing to advance^ insensibly, the left
shoulder, and will describe an arc of the circle,
neither too large nor too small.

The right general guide will merely pivot ; the
left general guide will march, circularly, the step
of twenty-eight inches, and will align himself on
the color and the right general guide.

The corporal in the centre of the battalion,
will take the step of fourteen inches and will

SCHOOL OF tup: GUIDJiS. 41

wheel to the riglit, by graduall}^ advancing the
left shoulder-

1. — Forward.
2. — March.

The battalion will re-take the direct march.
The major, having th.rown himself thirty or forty
paces in advance, on the perpendicular line which
the corporal in centre of the battalion will have
to follow, will place the color sergeant opposite
that file; the color sergeant will, immediately,
take two points on the ground between himself
and the major.

TO MARCH THE BATTALION IN RETREAT.

The battalion being halted, if the chief of
battalion wishes to march it in retreat, he will
command —

1 — Face to the rear.

2. — Battalion — About Face.

At the second command, the color guard and
the general guides, if they are before the front,
will re-take their places in line of battle; the
color sergeant \vill step into the rear rank, now
become the front.

3 . — Ba ttalio n forica rd.
4. — March.

At the third command, the color sergeant and
the two corporals of the rear rank of his guard,

42 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDPJS.

will step eight paces to the front, and will be rc-
placfed by the front rank of that guard ; the two
general guides will step out on a line with the
rank of the color guard, the covering sergeants
on the line of file closers. The three file closers
nearest the centre of the battalion, will unite
behind the rank of the color guard, so as to serve
as a basis of alignment for the rank of file closers.

The battalion will march in retreat by the
same principles as by the front rank. The file
closer, who finds himself behind the color ser-
geant, will follow exactly in his traces.

If it be a battalion of direction, the color ser-
geant will direct himself upon the markers. If
it be a subordinate battalion, he will maintain
hiojself on the perpendicular line, by means of
the points which he will select upon the ground.

1. — Battalion.

2.— Halt.

3. — Face to the front.

4. — Battalion — About Face.

At the fourth command, the color rank, the
general guides, and the covering sergeants will
rc-take their places in line of battle ; the color
sergeant will step into the front rank.

CHANGE OF DIRECTION IN MAKCIIINa IN RE-
TREAT.

A battalion, marching in line of battle, in re-
treat, will change direction by the means indi-
cated. When marching by the rear rank, the
three file closers, united in the centre of the bat-

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 43

talion, will conform themselves to the movement
of the color rank, and will wheel the same as this
rank ; the file closer, who finds himself in the
centre, will take tlie step of fourteen inches and
will always maintain himself at the same distance
IVom the color sergeant.

The rank of file closers, will conform itself to
the movement of the centre.

I'ASSAGE OF OnSTACLE-^ADVANCING AND RE-
TRl^ATING— THE COMPANIES PLOY TO THE
REAR INTO COLUMN, AT FULL DISTANCE.

Fiirure No. 21.

1^ V ?

S A .^ X

1. — Third com^mni/ ohstacle.

The company will face to the left in marching,
at the command of its chief; the two files on the
left, will break promptly to the rear, and the
company will accelerate the step ; the left guide
will place himself at the head of the front rank,
to conduct it, and direct himself parallely with
the company behind which he is to form in col-
umn. The company will face to the right in
marching, taking the guide on the right. This
guide will accelerate the step, until the command,

44 SCHOOL OF the guides.

to iIlc step, given by liis chief of company, lie
will then take the step of the battalion, and will
march in the traces of the chief of company,
behind which he finds himself.

As soon as the thii^ company will have faced
to the left, the left guide of the second will place
himself on the left of the front rank of his com-
pany, and will maintain between it and the right
of the fourth, the necessary interval for tlic re-
turn of the third into line.

Figui'e No. 22.
O

2. — Third company — I'ORWARD into line.

The company will form itself into line, by the
principles for tlie IWmation of forward into line.

Same principles and inverse means, for execu-
ting the passage of an obstacle, before a company
of the left wing.

If the passage of an obstacle, before several
companies at one time has to be executed, (for
example: the three companies of the right or tlie
three companies of the left,) the guides, with the
exception of the one nearest to the battalion, in

SCHOOL OF THE GUTDES. 45

inarch ino- by tlio flank, will be careful to incline
towards the battalion.

Same principles for executing the passage of
an obstacle in marching- in retrcuit, as in march-
ing by the front rank.

AVben the companj^, of wliicli tlie color rank
forms a part, has to execute the passage of an
obstacle, the color rank will return to its company
the moment it faces to the right or to the left,
and as soon as it returns in line, the color rank
wiJl pr()m|)tly throw itself six paces in front of
the battalion, and will take the step from the
major, who will immediately throwhimself twenty-
live or thirty paces before the color sergeant,
establish himself on the perpendicular, and the
color sergeant will immediately take two points
on the ground between himself and the major.

It has been prescribed, as a general rule, that
the companies of the right wing must execute
the passage of an obstacle, b}^ the left flank, apd
those of the lel't wing, by. the right iiank ; but,
if the obstacle covers, at the sauie time, several
companies of the centre, each one of those com-
panies will ploy behind the company to which it
Vy'ill be nearest in the wing to which it belongs.

46

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

TO PASS A DEFILIC IX RETREAT liY THE RIGHT
OR ].EFT FLAXK.

FliTure Xo. 23.

lil ipilllillll i

. liiigl

I

1

..V

1. — To the rear !>// tlic rti/lu flanh, pass tin
defile.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES. 47

The chief of the first company liaving com-
iiience<l the movement, tlie right guide, after
having passed the line of file closers by four
paces, and having again turned to the right, will
direct himself towards the left of the battalion,
and wlicu the chief of company v.ill form it by
platoon into line, this guide, who is at the head
of the column, will direct himself towards the
marker, who will have been placed at fifteen or
twenty paces from the file closers, at the point
where the companies will have to change direc-
tion to enter the deiile.

The other companies follow the movement^ so
as to be at the proper distance in marching by
the Hank, until the ibrmation by platoons ; but
without^ however, being constrained to maintain
the step of the company which precedes it.

Same principles and inverse means for passing
a defile by the left flank.

If the defile be too narrow to pass by platoons,
it will be traversed by the flank -, the file closers
Aviil AY^'itch that the files close up in marching.

MARCllINO liY THE FLANK.

In this march, the sergeant who is at the head
of the battalion, Avill take points on the ground
to insure the direction, and will be careful to pre-
serve the length and cadence of the step.

In the march by the right flank, the sergeant
wdio closes the left of the battalion will place
himself as a chief of company; the covering cor-
poral behind him as a covering sergeant.

In the march by the left flank, the sergeant

48 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

wlio closes the left of tlic battalion Avill place
himself as a covering sergeant^ and the corporal
who is behind him will pass into the line of file
closers. The covering sergeant of the first com-
pany will place himself on the right of the front
rank man of the first file.

The file closers will watch that the files neitlier
close nor open their distance, and that they only
insensibly regain it^ should they have lost it.

TO FORM THE BxVTTALTON ON THE RIGHT OR
LEFT BY FILE INTO LINE OF BATTLE.

The right or left guide of each company, (ac-
cording to the formation,) except the one of the
company who finds himself at the head, will
place himself on the direction of the markers,
opposite the first or last file^ the moment that file
arrives on the line.

SCHOOL- OF THE GUIDES. 49

CHANGE OF FRONT.
Figure No. 24.

— ^V....^ » o .r^ • » O -O

\ \ \ N "^

:4

■CI

l.— Chan(/c front y forward on. frst compani/.

2. — Bi/ comjiani/, riglit-half ichccl.

o. — Quick — March.

4. — Forward.

5, — March.

6. — Guide right.

7. — Guides — Posts.

At the third coiiimaiKl, tlic loft guides will
place themselves on the left oi' their coini^anies
the instant they can pass.

50 - SCHOOL OF THE GUIDP^S.

At. the fifth command, the right guide of the
second company will march straight before him,
till the moment his company will have to turn to
the right ; the right guide of each of the other
companies will follow the file, v/hich at the mo-
ment the wheeling ceases, he will find before him,
in the company which precedes his, ' and will
march in the traces of that file, until the com-
pany of which it forms a part turns to tlie right
to march towards the line.

Each right guide in turning towards the line,
will direct himself so as to arrive squarely thereon.

Each company will be halted at three paces
from the line of battle, and at the same instant
the left guide will place himself upon the line.

Same principles and inverse means for changing
front on eighth or last company.

Same principles for changing front to the rear;
the guides cross the line of battle so that the
front rank will have passed by three paces.

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

DOUBLE COUJMX AT HALF DISTANCE.

Figure No. 2r>.

,,^

V \ ! A ! / /

*.>'

\\

h

1. — Donhle coliunn at half dlsfavrc.
2. — Battalion — Inward Face.
3 . — Quick — Marc ir.

The three companies of the right will be con-
ducted to take their places in coliinin by the left
guides, and the three left companies by the right
guides.

The left guide of the fifth company will place
himself in the front rank, on the left of the divis-
ion, as soon as he can pass.

Each comjtany having entered the column and
faced to the front, each left guide of the right
companies will pass into the line of file closers.

The right guides will be careful to place them-
selves correctly on the direction, and to take their
distances, before the chief #f division will have
commanded, right ilresi^.

The double column will habitually take the
guide on the right, but it may take it on the left
or on the centre ; the divisions will take the de-

52

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

nominations of first, second^ tliircl and fourth
divisions, according to the positions which they
occupy in column.

DEPLOYMENT OF THE DOUliLE COLUMN FACED
TO THE FRONT.

This deployment will be executed by the prin-
ci}*les prescribed for the deployment of column
in mass.

When the double column will be formed into
line of battle, faced to the rii^ht or to the left,
the duties of the guides are the same as in the
movements, right or left into line, wheel, and on
the riglit or on the left into line.

DISPOSITION AGAINST CAVALRY.

Figure No. 20.

i 4 m '\

X

1 .— ^ To form square.

2. — To half distance close column.

o. — Qutck — March.

At the moment the last division will halt, the

SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

flic closers of this division, passing by the outer
fiank of their companies, will throw themselves
ra])i(lly in front of the front rank, and fiicc U)-
wards the head of ttie column.

1. — Form square.

2. — Rir/hf andjc/t into line — WnEEL.

3 . — Quiek — March.

4. — Guides — Posts.

At the first command, the lieutenant colonel,
facing to the left guides, and the major, facing to
those of the right, will align them upon the
guides of the fourth division, who will stand fast,
holding up tlieir pieces inverted, perpendicularly
in front of their bodies ; the right guides, in
placing themselves on the direction, will take
their exact distances.

At the second command, the color sergeant
will step back into the line of file closers, opposite
to his place in line of battle, and will be replaced
by the corporal of his file who is in the rear
rank.

At the third command, the square will be

♦

54

SCHOOL OF tup: guides.

formed ; the 4t]i division liavin<v closed up, its
chief will face it Mboiit ; tlie chief of company
who is in the intrerval, will change places with the
covering sergeant; the flic closers will, at the
same moment, close up a pace.

At the fourth command, the guides will enter
the square ; in the companies which liave formed
to the right into line of battle, the left guides
will place themselves behind their chief of com-
panies, and the covering sergeants will place
themselves as file closers of their companies.

FiiTure No. 28.

1. — Fonn column.
2. — Qulch — March.

'fhe fde closers of the last division will remain
belbre the front rank.

"When a column, disposed for the formation of
the square will be on the march, it will change
direction the same as a column at half distance^
but only by wheelings.

During the march, the right guides will pre-
serve exactly, com])any distance^ the same as the
left guides.

SCHOOL OF THK GUIDES. 55

1. — To march in retreat.
'2. — Face hi/ the rear rank.
.J. — Battalion — About Face.

At the second coDiniaiul, tlie file closers of* the
interior divisions will throw themselves, passing,
hy the outer flank of their respective companies,
hchind the front rank, opposite to their places in
line of battle. Those of the other divisions will
stand fast.

At the third command, the p;uides will step
into the rear rank, now become the front.

When the column will be faced by the front
rank, the guides and file closers will conform to
the principles prescribed above.

TO REDUCE SQUARE.

1. — Reduce sqitare.
2. — Quick^ilAiLcn.

This movement will be executed in the manner
indicated for the formation of column ; but the
file closers of the last division will throw them-
selves behind the rear rank at the moment it will
face about; the color sergeant will re-take his
place in column.

REMARK?.

If the column, instead of being at full distance,
as has been supposed, be at ha^ distance at the
command of forin square^ the file closers of the
last division will throw themselves before the

56 SCHOOL OF TJIE GUIDKS.

front rank. The left and right guides will be
aligned on those of the last division, as has been
said. At the command, right and left into line,
loliecl, the color sergeant will step back into the
line of file closers, and will be replaced by the
corporal of his file who is in the rear rank. At
the command of quick — mcrrcJi, the formation
will be executed after the prescribed principles.

Whon a column having to form square, will
not have time to form divisions, it will be formed
by the commands and means previously indicated;
the first and last companies will coni'orm to what
has been prescribed for the first and fourth divis-
ions; the other companies will form by platoons,
to the right and left, into line of battle.

A battalion being in line of battle whon it is
desired to form square, whether the column is
formed in simple or double column, the disposi-
tions particular to the formation of squares will
be executed. The division which has to take
post in the rear of the column, will take distance
of column closed in mass, and. as soon as it will
be halted, the file closers of this division Avill
throw themselves before the front rank.

THE RALLY.

The battalion being dispersed, when the chief
of battalion wishes to rally it, he will cause the
drums to beat to the color, and will pk!l;e at the
same time, the color sergeant and two markers
on the direction which he wants to give to the
battalion.

The color company will be promptly aligned

SCUOOL OF THE GUIDES.

57

against the markers ; cadi of tlie oilier compn-
nies will be rallied about six paces m rcnroT the
post wliicli it will have to occurj ^^ l«"c of bat-
lie: it will afterwards 1- wrought upon the al,on-
ment of the col^' company and established there-
on ac^-- -"'"S ^^ prescribed principles.

xi the battalion has to be rallied in column,
tlie chief of the battalion Avill cause the drums
to beat the assembly; two markers will be posted
before the position to be OT^cupied by the first
company; the chief of this company will rally it
behind the markers, and the chief of each of the
other companies will rally it at platoon distiince,
in rear of the one which has to precede it in order
of column.

RULES FORJIANCEUVREING BY THE REAR RANK.

The battalion being by the front rank, Avhen
the chief of battalion wishes to face it by the
rear rank^ he will command,

1. — Face hi/ the rear ranh.
2. — Battalion.
3. — About Face,

If tlie battalion be dcployetl* this movement
will be executed as has been indicated for the
firings by the rear rank.

If the battalion be in column by companies or
by platoon, the chiefs of companies, to take their
new places in column, will pass by the left flank
of their companies, and the file closers by the

58 SCHOOL OF THE GUIDES.

right flank. The guides will place themselves in
the roar rank, become the front.

I^^ ^'^i? ,.''^.^'!'^"'' be formed by divisions^ the
cliiefs of divisions wai ,,^,3 through the intervals
which arc m the centre ot .v.,-,. respective divis-
ions, and the file closers by the o.a^^. fj.^jj]^ ^.l'
tlieir respective companies; the junior c.i^. .;,^
will step into the rear rank, become the front,
and his covering sergeant will step behind him in
the front rank, become the rear.

The companies and divisions will preserve the
same denominations as by the front rank,

^I'he column will be faced co the front, by the
means prescribed above.

If the column be formed by companies or by
platoons, the chiefs of companies, to take their
new places in column, will pass by the left of
companies, become the right ; and the file closers
by the right, become the left. "

IX5TRUCTI0X FOR SKIRMISHERS. 59

INSTRUCTION FOR SKIRMISHERS.

TO DEPLOY FORWARD.

The first, second and third serp^eants follow the
movement — they "svill be placed on the riglif, on
the left and in the centre of the company — one
of them -wLll be charged with the Jirecticn,

The line being formed, these tTircc non-com-
missioned officers will tlirow themselves ten paces
behind the first two files of the right and left,
respectively, and opposite to the centre of the
line.

The reserve will be commanded by the third
lieutenant who will have with him the fourth
and fiftli sergeants. The third lieutenant will
plnce liimself two paces in front of it, the fourth
sergeant on the left flank, and the fiftli sergeant
as file closer.

If no reserve be formed, the third lieutenant,
fourth and fifth sergeants will take their place in
line of battle, abreast with the first, second and
third sergeants.

TO DEPLOY BY THE RIGHT OR LEFT FLANK.

The first three sergeants ^vi^l place themselves
as has been directed for the deployment forward —
one of them will be charged with the direction.

If the deployment takes place on the centre,
the two sergeants, who are on the right and on

GO INSTRUCTIOX FOK SKIKMISIIEIIS.

the left of the company, will be charged with
the direction. The right guide will place himself
by the side of the right file to conduct it, and the
left guide by the side of the left file

TO MARCH FORWARD AND IN RETREAT.

The commands of the captain will be repeated
with the greatest rapidity by the lieutenants, and
if necessary, by the non-commissioned officers.
This rule is general, whether the company marches
by the front or by the flank.

The three sergeants will throw themselves on
the line — the first on the right, the second on the
left, and the third in the centre. They will re-
take their places in line of battle, as soon as the
line will be halted.

The non-commissioned officers will scrupulously
observe that order is maintained.

TO MARCH BY THE FLANK.

The right or the left guide, will place himself
by the side of the man on the right or on the left,
to conduct the line.

THE RALLY AND THE ASSEMBLY.

The rally is made in a run — the assembly in
quick time.

THE RALLY.

The tliird lieuten-mt will ])egin the formation
of the reserve, by throwing back a little the two
flanks of the reserve.

The non-commissioned officers will direct the
execution of the movement, and then place them-
selves within the circle.

INSTRUCTION FOR SKIRMISHERS. Gl

When there will not be time to rally on tlic
reserve, the rally will bo made by ])latoon on the
uround the most advantaiieous, behind the line of
skirmishers.

AVhen the rally is made on the battalion, each
platoon and the reserve will unmask the battalion
!)y directing; themselves, in a run towards the
nearest tlank, and then form in its rear.

TO REDUCE THE CIRCLE.

The scri^cants will pass out — the vhird lieuten-
ant will align tlie reserve — the platoons will form
on its right and left.

THE ASSEMBLY.

The reserve will be formed in the order in
whidi it was before the deployment-— the skir-
mishers will assemble upon it, and each will
resume his place in his rank.

REMARKS.

In a battalion deployed as skirmishers, each
company will have its reserve — the rally will be
made upon the same principles as for an isolated
company — but, instead of forming in circle, they
will form S([uare by two ranks, and by echelon at
thirty paces — the reserve will form the first front,
the skirmishers who arrive first will form the
lateral front, and the others tlie fourth front — the
non-commissioned officers will direct the movement.

When several companies arc deployed at one
time, each cempany will deploy on the princi})les
prescribed for an isolated company, and will align
itself on the ones alreiidy deployed.

QUEGTIOXS.

QUESTIONS.

See pa,ge deslgnatedhi/ figures for ansivcr io questions.

Repeat thp general rules of the school of the battalion.
See i>ago 5.

liovv do you open and close ranks ? 5.

Explain the manoeuvre? 5.

How will you close the ranks? 6.

Explain the loadings and firings. 6.

How do Yow break to the front by the right into column ?
0. To the'left? 7.

How will you break by division ? 8.

How do .you break to the rear by the right into column?
8. To the "left? s.

How do you ploy the battalion, from line of battle, into
close column or mass, the first company right in front? i).
Explain the movement? 9.

"When the battalion is to be ployed in front of the first
company how will you execute it? 10. If the battalion is
to be ployed, in front or i-ear of tlic eighth company, how
will it be done ? 10. Suppose the movement to be made on
an interior company, how will you do it ? 1<).

In the march in column at full distance, how many ways
arc there of giving the direction to the leading general
guide? 11. Name them. 11. The colunm being halted,
and you wish to march it a yhort distance to the rear, how
will you do it? I'l. Column being in march and you wish
to change the direction to the right, or left, wliat command
shall be given ? 16.

How will you rectify the direction of the guides of a col-
umn, before forming it into line of battle? 17.

How will you close the column in mass on the head of
the column ? 18. How \viU you close the column in mass,
on the rear of the column? 19.

I

QUESTIONS. 63

How will you tako wheeling distance on the licad of the
column V 20. Before the commencement of this manoeuvre,
what is the duty of the left guide ? 20.

How can you take wheeling distance on the rear of the
column? 21. AVhat precautionary measure should be taken
before this movement commences V 21.

How will yon change the direction of column closed in
mass; from a halt bv the right Hank? 22. Bv the left
Hank? 22.

The column by division closed in mass being on the
march, and you wish to change its direction to the right,
what will you command ? 2.^. What command to change
to the left? 23. What are the precautious to be given ? 23.
" In column by sub-division closed in mass at a halt, how
will 30U throw them into division ? 25. Explain the move-
ment. 2.">.

When in column by sub-division, but at full, or at half
distance, how will you form into divisions? 2ii. How will
you then throw them into lines? 2t;.

Column being at full distance, and you v.ishto throw it
on the light into line, what will you comnuvnd? 2S.

C(dumu being at full distance, how will you throw it for-
Avard into hue ? 30.

C'ohmin being at full distance, how will you llirow it into
line faced to the lear? 32.

How will you deploy column on first division? 34.

How will you advance in line of battle? 35. Explain
this movement. 35.

During the movement how will 3'ou change the direction
of the march ? 37.

How will vou halt the battalion, marching in line of bat-
tle ? 38.

How will you then align it? 39.

How will you change direction in marching in line of bat-
tle ? 40.

After it has changed direction as commanded, and you
desire it to move forward, what will you command? 41.

How will Aou march a battalion in retreat ? 41.

After you have marched it to the retreat, how will you halt
and face it to the front ? 42.

Hi marching a column in line of battle advancing, and
you meet with obstacles, how will you manoeuvre? 43.
What has been prescribed as a general rule in this move-
ment? 45.

64 QUESTIONS.

How will yon pass a defile to the rear by the right flank ?
47. How will you change front forward on first compa-
ny ? 40.

From lir.e of battle, how will j^ou form double column at
half distance V 51.

How will you throw tlse battalion from double column at
half distance, faced to the front, right or lefty 5'J.

In disposition against cavalry, what preparatory step is
taken, where the column by division is at full distance? 52.

What command do you give to form s([uare ? 53.

How will you form colunm from hollow square ? 54.

]Iow will you march in i-etieat in square? 55.

By what command will you reduce square? 55.

AVlien a column having to form square will not have time
to foi'm divisions first, how will you then mauage it? 5C.

The battalion being dispersed, how will you manage to
rally it? 56.

Snpposeyou wish to rally the battalion in column, wl^at
will you do? 57.

What are the rules for mancouvreing by the rear rank? 57.

APPENDIX.

UNIFORM AND DRESS^ OF THE AP^rY

General f}rdcrs ."W^. 9.

Adjutwi axd Tnspector-Cexkral's Office, )
RiCiiMoxo, Ya., June 0, l^Ol. )

TUNIC.

For Cojyiinissione^l OJi'cers. — All ofiiccrs sluill wear a tunic
of Kvay cloth, known as cadet gray ; the skirt to extend
lialf-way between the hip and the knee ; double breasted for
all s^rades.

For a Brigadier General. — Two rows of buttons on the
breast, eight in each row, placed in pairs; the dislance
between ihe rows four inches at top and three inches at
bottom ; stand up collar, to rise no higher than to permit
the chin to turn freely i>ver it; to hook in front at the bot-
tom, and slope thence up and backward, at an angle
of thirty degrees, on each side; cuffs two and a half inches
deep on'the under side, there to be buttoned with three small
buttons, and sloped upwards to a point, at a distance of
four inches from the end of tiie sleeve ; pockets in the folds
of the skirt, with one button at the bipandonc at the end
of each pocket, making four buttons on the back and skiit
of the tunic, the hip buttons to range with the lowest breast
buttons.

For a Colonel. — The same as for a brigadier general, ex-
cept that there will be only seven buttons in each row on
the breast, placed at equal'distancos.

GG APPENDIX.

For a Lieutenant Colonel, Major, CajJtain and Linden-
ant. — The same as for a Colonel.

For Enlisted Mtn. — The unirorni coat for all enlisted men
shall be a double breasted tunic of gray cloth, known as
cadet gray, with a skirt extending half-way between the hip
and the knee ; two rows of buttons on the breast, seven
in each row : the distance between the rows four inches at
top and three inches at bottom, stand up collar, to rise no
higher than to permit the chin to turn freely over it ; to
hook in front at the bottom, and slope thence backwards at
an angle of thirty degrees on each side; cutis two and a
half inches deep at the under seam, to button with two small
buttons, and to be slightly pointed on the upper part of the
arm ; pockets in the folds of the skirts. The collars and
cuffs to be of the color prescribed for facings for the respec-
tive arms of service, and the edges of the tunic to be trim-
med throughout with the same colored cloth. Narrow lin-
ing in the skirts of the tunic of gray material.

FACING?;.

The facings forgeneval officers, and for ofFicei'S of ^he
Adjutant-General's Department, the Quartermaster-Gene-
ral's Depai'tment, the Commissary-General's Department,
and the Engineers — Buff. The tunic of all officers to be
edged throughout with the facings designated.

For the Medical Department. — Black.

I'oT the Artillerij. — Red.

For the Cavalry. — Yellow.

For the Infantry. — Light Blue.

For fatigue purposes, a light gray blouse, double breasted,
with two rows of small buttons, seven in each row; small
turnover collar, may be issued to the troops.

On all occasions of duty, except fatigue, and when out
of quarters, the coat will be buttoned and hooked at the
collar. Officers on bureau duty may wear the tunic open.

BUTTONS.

For General Officers and Officers of the General Staff. —
"Bright gilt, rounded at the edge, convex, raised eagle in the
centre, with stars surrounding it; large size, one inch in
exterior diameter ; small size, half an inch.

APPENDIX. 67

For Officers of the Corps of Engineers. — Tlie same as for
the General Staff, except that, in place of the eagle and
stars, there will be a raised E in German text.

For Officers of Artillfiry, Iiifantry, Iliflcmen and Cavalry.
— Gilt, convex, plain, with large rai.sed letter in the centre :
A, for the Artillee}' ; I, for the Infantry ; R, for the Rifle-
men ; C, for the Cavahj ; large size, seven-eighths of an
inch in exterior diameter; small size, half an inch.

Aids-de-Camp may wear the button of the General Staff",'
or of their regiments or corps, at their option.

For Enlisted Men of Artillery. — Yellow, convex, large
raised letter A in the centre; three-quarters of an inch in
exterior diameter.

For all other enlisted men, the same as for the Artillery,
except that the number of the regiment, in large figures,
will be substituted for the letter A.

TROWSERS.

The uniform trowsers for both officers and enlisted men
will be of cloth throughout the year ; made loose and to
spread well over the foot; of light (or sky) blue color, for
regimental officers and enlisted men ; and of dark blue cloth
for all other officers ; reinforced for the Cavalry.

For General Officers. — Two stripes of gold lace on the
outer seam, onc-oighth of an inch apart, and each five-
eighths of an inch in width.

f'or Officers of the Adjutant-General's Department, the
Quavtermaster-Gejieral's Department, the Commissary-
(Jeneral's Department, and the Corps of Engineers. — One
stripe of gold lace on the outer seam, one inch and a quar-
ter in width.

For the. Medical De.pnrtynetif. — A black velvet stripe ; one
inch and a quarter in width, with a gold cord on each edge
of the stripe.

For Refjlvientol Officers. — A .sti-ipc of cloth on the outer
seam, one inch and a quarter in width ; color according to
corps : for Artilleiy, vinX; Cavalry, yellow ; Infantry, dark
blue.

For the non-commiss'iomd Staff of Eegiments and for all
Sergeants.— 'A. stripe of cotton webbing or braid on the
outer seam, one and a quarter inches in width ; color ac-
cording to arm of service.

For allothsr Enlisted Men. — Plain.

68 AFPEXDIX.

cflApeau, or cocked hat.

A chapcjir., or cocked hat, will be woru by General Offi-
cers and Officers of the General StulFand Corps of Engineers,
of what is called the French patterii ; the model to be de-
posited in the office of the Quartermaster-General.

Forage Cap for Oncers. — A cap similar in form to that
known as the French kepi, according to pattern to be de-
posited in the office of ihe^Quartermaster-Geueral.

Unifomi Cap. — According to pattern to be deposited in
the office of the QuaVtcrmastcr.General.

POiMPON. '

For the Artillery. —W.^^.

For the Jnfantrf/.—lj^ghi blue.

For the Cavi'drij. — Yellow.

CRAVAT, OR STOCK.

For all OJficers. — Black, when a cra^'at is \^ orn, the tie
not to be visible at the opening of the collar.

For F/ilisfed 3fen.— Black leather, according to pattern.

BOOTS.

For all Officers. — Ankle or Jeff'erson.

For Enlisted- M-i)i of Cao(.dr>j. — Ankls and Jefforoon, ac-
cording to ])attern.

For other FnliitedMen. — Jeff'erson, accordir.g to pattern.

" SPURS.

For all Mounted Officers. — Yellow metal or gilt.
For Enlisted Mounted Jfen.— A''ellow metal, according to
pattern.

GLOVES.

For General Officers, and Officers of the General Staff,
and Staf Corps^—BvAX or white.

For Officers of Artillery, Infantry and Caoalry. — White.

APPENDIX. 69

SASH.

For General Officers.. — Buff silk net, with silk bullion
fringe ends ; sash to go twice round the waist, snd to tic
behind the left hip ; pendant part not to extend more than
eighteen inche.s below the tie.

Fvr Oficers of the Geuerai Sfnjf and Eugiiietrf, and of
Artillery and Infantry. — lied silk net.

For Officers of the Cavalry. — Yellow .silk net.

For Medical Officers. — Green silk net.

AH, with .silk bullion fringe ends ; to go around the \vai.^t,
and to tie as for General Oificers.

For Sergeants. — Of worsted, with worsted bullion fringe
ends ; red for Artillery and Infantry, and yellow for Caval-
ry. To go twice around the waist, and to tie as above
spcified.

SWORD IJFLT.

For aU- Officers. — A waist belt not les.s than one and onc-
lialf inches* nor more than two inches wide ; to be worn
over the sash ; the sword to be fmspended from it by slings
of the same mateiial as the belt, with a hook attached to
the belt upon which the sword may be hung.

For General Officers. — Russian leather, with three stripes
of gold embroidery ; the slings embroidered on both sides.

For all other Offi^cers. — Black leather, plain.

For all 7ion-Coiamissioi;id Ofi-^ers. — Black leather, plain.

SWORD BELT PLATE.

For all Offi'Cers a)id Enlisted Men.— Gilt, rectangulai- ;
tvvo inches wide, witli a raised bright rim ; a silver wreath
ol' laurel encircling the " Arms of the Confederate States."

SWORD AXD SCABBARD.

ForaU Officers. — According to patterns to be deposited in
tlie Ordnance Bureau.

SWORD KNOT.

For all Officers. — Of plaited leather, with tassels.

70 'APPENDIX.

BADGES TO DISTINGUISH RANK.

On the sleeve ot the tunic, rank will be distinguished by
an ornament of gold braid, (iu form as represented in the
drawing deposited m the Quartermaster General's. office ;)
extending around the seam of tlie cuiF, and up the outside
of the arm to the bend of the elbow. To be of one braid
for lieutenants ; two for captains; three for Meld officers ;
and four for general officers. The braid to be one-eighth
of an inch in width.

On the fi-ont ])art of the collar of the tunic, the rank of
the officer will be distinguished, as follows:

General Ofp'oo's. — A wi-eath with three stars enclosed
embroidered in gold. The edge ot the wreath to be three-
fourths of an inch from the front edge of the collar; the
stars to be arranged horizontally ; the centre one to be one
and one-fourth inches in exterior diameter, and the other
three-fourths of an inch.

Colonel. — Three stars, embroidered in gold, arranged
horizontally, and dividing equally the vertical space of the
collar. Each star to be one and oue-fourth inches in exte-
rior diameter ; the front star to be three-fourths of an inch
from the edge of the collar.

Lieuietmnt Colonel. — Two stars of same material, size
and arrangement as for a Colonel.

Major. — One star, of same material and size as for a Colo-
nel; to be placed three-fourths of an inch from the edge
of the collar, and dividing equally the vertical space.

Captain. — Three horizjntal bars, embroidered in gold;
each one-half an inch in width ; the upper bar to be three
inches in length ; the front edge of the bars to incline to cor-
respond with the angle of the collar, and to be three-fourths
of an inch from the edge ; the line of the back edges to be
vertical.

Firt:i Llcide.n.ant. — Two horizontal bars of the same mate-
rial and size as for captains, and dividing equally the verti-
cal space of collar.

Second Lieutennni. — One horizontal bar of the siime ma-
terial and .size us for the centre bar of captain, and dividing
equally the vertical space of collar.

OVERCOATS FOR ENLISTED MEN.

For Moitnkd 2fen.—0^ cadet gray cloth; stand up col-
lar ; double breasted ; cape to reach to the cufF of the coat,
Avhenthe arm is extended, and to button all the way up,
(buttons, eighteen.)

APPENDTX. 71

Fnr Footmen. — Of cadet gray clolh ; stand up collar;
double breasted ; cape to reach to the elbows, wbeu the
aim is extended, and to button all the way up, (buttons,
eighteen.) For the present, to be a talma, with sleeves, of
water-proof material; black.

CHEVRONS.

The rank of non-commissioned ofliccrs will be marked
by chevrons on both sleeves of the uniform tunic and the
overcoat, above the elbow, of silk or worsted binding, half
an inch wide; color the same as the edging of the tuuic ;
points down, as follows :

ForaSergvant Major. — Three bars jmd an arc in silk.

For a Quartermader Sergeant. — Three bars and a tie in
silk.

For an Ordnance Sergeant. —Three bars and a star in silk.

For a First (or Orderly) Sergeant. — Three bars and a
lozenge in worsted.

For a Sergeant. — Three bars in worsted.

For a Corporal. — Two bars in worsted.

HAIR AND BEARD.

The hair to be short ; the beard to be worn at the pleas-
ure of the individual; but, when worn, to be kept short
and neatly trimmed.
Bv command of theSecretarv of War.

S. COOPER,
Adjutant and Inspector General.

M^^53fiv^

1